Ukuhlolwa okusheshayo kwe-Fetal Fibronectin

Incazelo emfushane:

Inkonti encane I-500160 Ukucacisa Izivivinyo / ibhokisi / ibhokisi
Isimiso sokutholwa Immunochrochrographic assay Izindola Okwedlule izinambuzane
Ukusetshenziswa okuhlosiwe Ukuhlolwa okusheshayo kwe-GROSTSTEP


Imininingwane Yomkhiqizo

Amathegi Omkhiqizo

I-Fetal Fibronectin Rapid Testmentment22
I-Fetal Fimboctin Rapid Testment23
I-Fetal Fibronectin Rapid Testment25

Ukusetshenziswa Kwamandla
I-grontstep®Ukuhlolwa kwe-Prom kungukuhlolwa kwe-Immunochrochrogamaygraphic okuhloswe ngakho ukusetshenziselwa ukutholwa kwe-Fetal Fibronction encazelweni ye-CervicOvaginal. Ukuba khona kwe-fetal fimboctin ekwethukeni kwe-cervicovaginal phakathi kwamaviki angama-22, izinsuku ezingama-0 namaviki angama-34, izinsuku eziyi-6 zokukhulelwaezihambisana nengozi ephakeme yokulethwa kwezinye izikhathi.

Umkhunuli
Ukulethwa kwezingalo, kuchazwa yi-American College of Obsetricians kanye ne-Gynecologists njengokulethwa ngaphambi kweviki lama-37 lokukhulelwa, kubhekele iningi lokungaziphathi kahle kwe-chromosomal kanye nokufa kwabantu. Izimpawu zokulethwa kwezimpawu zokusongela zifaka izivumelwano zesibeletho, ukuguqulwa kokuphuma kwesitho sangasese sowesifazane, ukopha kwesitho sangasese sowesifazane, ukubuhlungu kwe-backouse, ukungakhululeki kwesisu, ukucindezela kwe-pelvic, kanye nokucindezela. Izinhlobo zokuxilonga zokukhonjwa kokulethwa kwezingalo ezisongelwe zifaka ukuqapha komsebenzi we-Uterine kanye nokusebenza kokuhlolwa kwesibeletho kwedijithali, okuvumela ukulinganisa kobukhulu bezesibeletho. Lezi zindlela zikhonjiswe ukuthi zikhawulelwe, njengoba ukulinganiswa okuncane kwesibeletho (<centimeters) kanye nomsebenzi we-Uterine kwenzeka ngokujwayelekile futhi akusona ukuxilonga kokulethwa okungathandeki. Ngenkathi kuhlolwe amamaki amaningi we-serum biochemical, akekho owamukelwe kabanzi ngokusetshenziswa komtholampilo okusebenzayo.

I-Fetal Fimboctronin (FFN), i-isoform ye-Fibronectin, iyinhlangano eyinkimbinkimbi ye-glycoprotein enesisindo samangqamuzana esingaba ngu-500,000 bamadadi. UMatsuura nabanye osebenza nabo bachaze i-antibody ye-monoclonal ebizwa nge-FDC-6, eyayibona ngqo i-III-CS, isifunda esichaza i-Isoform ye-Fibronectrin. Izifundo ze-Immunohistochemical zePlacentae zikhombisile ukuthi i-FFNiboshelwe kwi-matrix ye-extraceller yesifunda echaza ukuhlanganazamayunithi kamama nowengane ngaphakathi kwesibeletho.

I-Fetal Fibronctin ingatholwa kuma-Convicovaginal Elect yabesifazane kulokhu kukhulelwa ngokusetshenziswa kwe-Imunoassay ye-monoclonal. I-Fetal Fimbonectrin iphakanyiswa encazelweni ye-cervicovaginal ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa kusenesikhathi kodwa incipha amasonto angama-22 kuye kwangama-35 ekukhulelweni okujwayelekile. Ukubaluleka kobukhona bayo esithweni sangasese ngesikhathi sokuqala ukukhulelwa akuqondakali. Kodwa-ke, kungamane nje kubonise ukukhula okujwayelekile kwenani labantu be-trophoblast extravillous kanye ne-placenta. Ukutholwa kwe-FFN ENTERICESS CNECY phakathi kwamaviki angama-22, izinsuku ezingama-0 kanye namaviki angama-34, kwabikwa ukuthi kwabika ukulethwa kwezinyanga ezi-6 emavikini angama-22, izinsuku ezingama-22, izinsuku ezingama-6 kwabesifazane abakhulelwe.

Isimiso
I-grontstep®Ukuhlolwa kwe-FFN kusetshenziswa umbala we-immunochrogatographic, ubuchwepheshe bokugeleza kwe-capillary. Inqubo yokuhlola idinga ukwethukela kwe-FFN kusuka ku-swab yesitho sangasese sowesifazane ngokuxuba i-swab ku-buffer yesampula. Ngemuva kwalokho kufakwa i-buffer yesampula exubekile kusampula ye-cassette yokuhlola kahle bese kuthi ingxube ifuduka endaweni ye-membrane. Uma i-FFN ikhona kusampula, izokwakha isampula nge-antibody evamile elwa ne-antibody eya ezinhlathweni ezinemibala. I-Complex izobe isiboshwa nge-antibody yesibili elwa ne-nitrocellulose membrane. Ukuvela komugqa wokuhlola obonakalayo kanye nomugqa wokulawula kuzokhombisa umphumela omuhle.

Izakhi zekhithi

20 Ngawodwa puhlamvu lwecololo endaweniAmadivayisi wokuhlola we-ED

Idivaysi ngayinye iqukethe umucu onezimbotshana ezinemibala kanye nokuphendula okusebenzayo kuqala ezifundeni ezihambisanayo.

2IsizindaBuffer vial

0.1 m phosphate buffered saline (PBS) no-0.02% sodium Azide.

1 Ukulawula okuhle Swab
(ngesicelo kuphela)

Aqukethe i-ffn ne-sodium azide. Ngokulawulwa kwangaphandle.

1 Ukulawula Okungalungile Swab
(ngesicelo kuphela)

Ayiqukethe i-ffn. Ngokulawulwa kwangaphandle.

20 Amashubhu we-Extraction

Okwezinkulumo zokulungiselela ama-specimens.

1 I-WorkStation

Beka ukubamba ama-buffer vials namashubhu.

1 Faka iphakheji

Ukufundiswa ukusebenza.

Izinto ezidingekayo kodwa azinikeziwe

Umninisikhathi Ngokusetshenziswa kwesikhathi.

IZINYATHELO ZOKUZIVIKELA
■ Ngochwepheshe ekusetshenzisweni kokuxilongwa kwe-vitro kuphela.
■ Ungasebenzisi ngemuva kokuphelelwa isikhathi usuku olukhonjiswe kwiphakheji. Ungasebenzisi isivivinyo uma isikhwama saso se-foil silimele. Musa ukusebenzisa kabusha izivivinyo.
■ Le kit iqukethe imikhiqizo yemvelaphi yezilwane. Ulwazi oluqinisekisiwe lwemvelaphi kanye / noma isimo sokuhlanzeka kwezilwane alwenzi ngokuphelele ukungabikhona kwama-ejenti ahambisanayo ama-pathogenic. Ngakho-ke, kutuswa ukuthi le mikhiqizo iphathwe njengokuthethelela, futhi isingathekile ukubuka izinyathelo zokuphepha ezijwayelekile (ungangeni noma inhale).
■ Gwema ukungcoliswa kwe-sper specimens ngokusebenzisa isitsha esisha sokuqoqa esibonakalayo sohlobo ngalunye olutholwayo.
■ Funda yonke inqubo ngokucophelela ngaphambi kokwenza noma yiziphi izivivinyo.
■ Ungadli, phuza noma ubheme endaweni lapho ama-specimens namakhithi aphathwa khona. Bamba zonke izinhlobo ezinjengokungathi ziqukethe abezi ezithathelwanayo. Bheka izinyathelo zokuqapha ezisungulwe ngokumelene nezingozi ze-microbiological kuyo yonke inqubo bese ulandela izinqubo ezijwayelekile zokulahlwa kahle kwezinhlamvu. Gqoka izingubo zokuvikela ezifana namajazi welabhoratri, amagilavu ​​alahlwayo nokuvikelwa kwamehlo lapho ama-specimens ayavuma.
■ Musa ukushintshanisa noma hlanganisa ama-reagents kusuka kunkambiso ehlukile. Musa ukuxuba izixazululo zamabhodlela.
■ umswakama kanye nokushisa kungathinta kabi imiphumela.
■ Lapho inqubo ye-Assay iphothuliwe, lahla ama-swabs ngokucophelela ngemuva kokuwafaka ngokuzenzakalela ku-121 ° C ukuthola imizuzu engama-20. Ngenye indlela, bangalashwa nge-0.5% sodium hypochloride (noma i-per-cal bleach) ihora elilodwa ngaphambi kokulahlwa. Izinto zokuhlola ezisetshenzisiwe kufanele zilahlwe ngokuya ngemithetho yendawo, yombuso kanye / noma noma ye-federal.
■ Ungasebenzisi amabhulashi e-cytolology ngeziguli ezikhulelwe.

Ukugcinwa nokuqina
■ Ikhithi kufanele igcinwe ngo-2-30 ° C kuze kufike usuku lokuphelelwa yisikhathi esibhalwe esikhwameni esivaliwe.
■ Ukuhlolwa kumele kuhlale esikhwameni esivalekile kuze kube yilapho kusetshenziswa.
■ ungabazi.
■ Ukunakekelwa kufanele kuthathwe ukuvikela izakhi kule kit ekungcolisweni. Ungasebenzisi uma kunobufakazi bokungcoliswa kwe-microbial noma kwezulu. Ukungcoliswa kwemvelo kokuhambisa izinsiza, iziqukathi noma ama-reagents kungaholela emiphumeleni yamanga.

Ukuqoqwa kwePecimen nokugcina
■ Sebenzisa kuphela i-dacron noma i-rayon efihliwe swabs oyinyumba ngemigodi yepulasitiki. Kuncoma ukusebenzisa i-swab enikezwe ngumenzi weKits (ama-swabs awaqukethwe kule kit, imininingwane yoku-oda, sicela uxhumane nomenzi noma umsabalalisi wendawo, inombolo yekhathalogi ingu-207000). Ama-Swabs avela kwabanye abahlinzeki awakaqinisekiswa. Ama-Swabs anezeluleko zekotini noma imigodi yokhuni ayinconywa.
■ I-CerviCovaginal Secrence itholakala eFornix yangemuva lesitho sangasese sowesifazane. Inqubo yokuqoqa ihloselwe ukuba mnene. Ukuqoqwa okunamandla noma okunamandla, okuvamile kumasiko e-microbiologiological, akudingeki. Ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa kwe-bherum, ngaphambi kokuhlolwa noma ukukhohlisa umlomo wesibeletho noma ipheshana lesitho sangasese Imizamo elandelayo yokugcwalisa ithiphu yesicelo ingase ibenze isivivinyo. Susa umfakisicelo bese wenza isivivinyo njengoba kuqondiswe ngezansi.
■ Beka i-swab ku-tube yokukhishwa, uma ukuhlolwa kungaqhutshwa ngokushesha. Uma ukuhlolwa okusheshayo kungenzeki, amasampula wesiguli kufanele abekwe kwi-tube esomile yokuhamba ukuze agcinwe noma ezokuthutha. Ama-swabs angagcinwa amahora angama-24 emazingeni okushisa asekamelweni (15-30 ° C) noma isonto eli-1 ku-4 ° C noma kungabi ngaphezu kwenyanga engu-6 ku-20 ° C. Zonke izinhlobo zezinhlobo kufanele zivunyelwe ukufinyelela ekushiseni kwegumbi le-15-30 ° C ngaphambi kokuhlolwa.

Indlela yokwenza izinto
Letha izivivinyo, ama-specimentens, ama-buffer kanye / noma izilawuli zokushisa kwegumbi (15-30 ° C) ngaphambi kokusebenzisa.
■ Beka i-tube yokususa ehlanzekile endaweni ebekiwe ye-workstation. Faka i-1ml yokukhishwa kwe-buffer ku-tube ye-extraction.
■ Beka i-specimen swab ku-tube. Hlanganisa isixazululo ngokuqinile ngokujikeleza i-swab ngamandla ngokumelene nohlangothi lwe-tube okungenani izikhathi eziyishumi (ngenkathi ifakwe ngaphakathi). Imiphumela emihle itholakala lapho i-specimen ixubene ngamandla kwikhambi.
■ hlikihla uketshezi oluningi ngangokunokwenzeka kusuka ku-swab ngokucindezela uhlangothi lwe-tube ye-extraction eguquguqukayo njengoba kususwa i-swab. Okungenani okungu-1/2 kwesixazululo sesampula yesampula kumele kuhlale ku-tube yokufuduka okune-capillary okwanele. Faka i-cap ku-tube ekhishwe.
Lahla i-swab esitsheni esisheshayo se-biohazarduous.
■ Izinhlobo ze-specimens ezikhishwe zingagcina ekushiseni kwegumbi imizuzu engama-60 ngaphandle kokuthinta umphumela wokuhlolwa.
■ Khipha isivivinyo esikhwameni sayo esivalekile, bese uyibeka endaweni ehlanzekile, yezinga. Faka ilebuli insiza ngesineke noma sokulawula ukukhonjwa. Ukuthola umphumela omuhle kakhulu, i-assay kufanele yenziwe kungakapheli ihora elilodwa.
■ Faka amaconsi ama-3 (cishe ama-100
Gwema ukudonsa ama-bubble air e-specimen (futhi ungalahli noma yisiphi isixazululo ewindini lokubheka.
Njengoba ukuhlolwa kuqala ukusebenza, uzobona umbala uhamba ngaphesheya kwe-membrane.
■ Lindela ama-band (s) anemibala ukuze avele. Umphumela kufanele ufundwe ngemizuzu engu-5. Ungahumushi umphumela ngemuva kwemizuzu engu-5.
Lahla amashubhu wokuhlola asetshenzisiwe kanye nama-cassette wokuhlola esitsheni esifanele semfucumfucu elungile.
Ukuchazwa kwemiphumela

-QinisileUmphumela:

I-Fetal Fibronectin Rapid Test Verction001

Amabhendi amabili anemibala avela ku-membrane. Ibhendi eyodwa ivela esifundeni sokulawula (c) kanti elinye ibhendi livela esifundeni sokuhlola (T).

-PhikisayoUmphumela:

I-Fetal Fibronectin Rapid Test Verction001

I-band eyodwa enemibala kuphela evela esifundeni sokulawula (c). Alikho ibhande elinombala elibonakalayo elivela esifundeni sokuhlola (T).

-NgenamandlaUmphumela:

I-Fetal Fibronectin Rapid Test Verction001

I-Control band yehluleka ukuvela. Imiphumela kusuka kunoma yikuphi ukuvivinya okungakhiqizi ibhendi yokulawula ngesikhathi sokufunda esicacisiwe kufanele kulahlwe. Sicela ubuyekeze inqubo bese uphinda ngovivinyo olusha. Uma inkinga iqhubeka, yeka ukusebenzisa ikhithi ngokushesha bese uthinta umsabalalisi wakho wangakini.

Qaphela:
1. Ukuqina kombala esifundeni sesifunda (T) kungahluka ngokuya ngokuhlushwa kwezinto ezihlosiwe ezikhona ku-specimen. Kepha izinga lezinto alikwazi ukunqunywa yilolu vivinyo.
2. IVolumu Enganele Enganele, Inqubo Engalungile yokusebenza, noma ukwenza izivivinyo eziphelelwe yisikhathi yizizathu ezingenzeka kakhulu zokulawulwa kwebhendi.

IKHWALITHI YOKULAWULA
■ Izilawuli zenqubo yangaphakathi zifakiwe esivivinyweni. Ibhendi enemibala evela esifundeni sokulawula (C) ibhekwa njengethuluzi langaphakathi lezinqubo ezinhle. Iqinisekisa ivolumu eyanele lenqubomgomo nenqubo efanele inqubo.
■ Izilawuli zenqubo zangaphandle zingahlinzekwa (ngesicelo kuphela) kumakhithi wokuqinisekisa ukuthi izivivinyo zisebenza kahle. Futhi, izilawuli zingasetshenziswa ukukhombisa ukusebenza okufanele ngo-opharetha wokuhlola. Ukwenza isivivinyo sokulawula esihle noma esingesihle, gcwalisa izinyathelo ezisengxenyeni yenqubo yokuhlola elapha i-Swew Swab ngendlela efanayo ne-stab swimen.

Ukulinganiselwa kokuhlolwa
1. Lokhu kusetshenziswa kungasetshenziselwa ukutholwa kokufaneleka kwe-fetal fimboctin encazelweni ye-cervicovaginal.
2. Imiphumela yokuhlola kufanele isetshenziswe njalo ngokuhlangana neminye imininingwane yezokwelapha nelabhorethri yokuphathwa kweziguli.
3. Izinhlobo zezinhlobo kufanele zitholakale ngaphambi kokuhlolwa kwedijithali noma ukukhohlisa kwesibeletho. Ukukhohlisa kwesibeletho kungaholela emiphumeleni emihle yamanga.
4
I-5
I-6. Iziguli ezine-cerclage akufanele zihlolwe.
7. Izici zokusebenza kwe-COSTSTEP®Ukuhlolwa kwe-FFN kususelwa ezifundweni zabesifazane abane-singleton stuations. Ukusebenza akuqinisekisiwe ezigulini ezinokuthinta okuningi, isib.
8. I-COSTSEP®Ukuhlolwa kwe-FFN akuhloselwe ukwenziwa phambi kokuqubuka kolwelwesi lwe-amniotic nokuqhuma kolwelwesi lwe-amniotic kufanele kukhishwe ngaphambi kokwenza isivivinyo.

Izici Zokusebenza

Ithebula: Ukuhlolwa kwe-GROVSTep® FFN vs esinye isivivinyo se-FFN yomkhiqizo

Ukuzwela okuhlobene:

97.96% (89.13% -99.95%) *

Ukucaciswa okuhlobene:

I-98.73% (95.50% -99.85%)

Isivumelwano Sekukonke:

I-98.55% (95.82% -99.70%)

* 95% isikhawu sokuzethemba

 

Olunye uhlobo

 

+

-

-Nke

I-strongstep®e fFn Ukuzama

+

48

2

50

-

1

I-156

151

 

49

158

207

Ukuzwela kokuhlaziya
Inani eliphansi elibonakalayo le-FFN kwisampula elikhishwe yi-50μg / l.
Phakathi kwabesifazane ababonakalayo, amazinga aphakanyisiwe (≥ 0.050 μl / ml) (1 x 10-7 mmol / l) we-FFN phakathi kwamaviki angama-24, izinsuku ezingama-0 namaviki angama-34, izinsuku eziyi-6 zibonisa izinsuku eziyi-14 eziyi-14 ukusuka Iqoqo Lesihlaka. Phakathi kwabesifazane asebe-asymptomatic, amazinga aphakanyisiwe we-FFN phakathi kwamaviki angama-22, izinsuku ezingama-0 namaviki angama-30, izinsuku ezi-6 zibonisa ubungozi obukhulayo bokulethwa kwamaviki angama-34, izinsuku eziyi-6 zokukhulelwa. I-cutoff ye-50 μg / l FFN yasungulwa ocwaningweni olunhlobonhlobo olwenzelwe ukuhlola inhlangano phakathi kokuvezwa kwe-Fetal Fibronectin ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa kanye nokulethwa kwezinto ozimele.

Izinto zokuphazamisayo
Ukunakekelwa kumele kuthathwe ukungcolisa umfakisicelo noma ama-cervicovaginal secrefice ngezithako, insipho, ama-disinfectants, noma okhilimu. Ama-lubracs noma okhilimu angaphazamisa ngokomzimba ukumuncwa kwe-specimen ku-profator. Insipho noma ama-disinferant angaphazamisa ukusabela kwe-antibody-antigen.
Kuhlolwe izinto ezingaphazamisayo ezihlolwe ekugxiliseni okungenzeka ukuthi zitholakale ngokunengqondo kuthola. Izinto ezilandelayo azizange ziphazamise e-Assay lapho zihlolwe emazingeni akhonjisiwe.

Into Ukuqoqana Into Ukuqoqana
I-Ampicillin I-1.47 MG / ML Prostaglandin f2 a0.033 MG / ML
Erythromycin 0.272 MG / ML Prostaglandin e2 0.033 MG / ML
Umchamo we-maternal umchamo 3rd trimester I-5% (Vol) UMonistaTR (MiConazole) 0.5 MG / ML
Oxytocin I-IU / ml U-Indigo Carmine 0.232 Mg / ML
Terbutaline I-3.59 MG / ML I-Gendgicicin 0.849 MG / ML
Dexamethasone I-2.50 mg / ml Ijeli ye-betadiner 10 mg / ml
MGSO47h2o 1.49 MG / ML Isicoci se-betadiner 10 mg / ml
Ritodrine 0.33 MG / ML K-yr Jelly 62.5 mg / ml
I-DermiciDol 2000 25.73 MG / ML    

Izincwadi
1. I-American College of Obsmetrician and Gynecologists. Umsebenzi wezintombi. Isaziso sobuchwepheshe, inombolo 133, Okthoba, 1989.
2. I-Crussue RK, resnick R. Maternal R. Medicine yomama: Izimiso nokwenza. IPhiladelphia: I-WB Saunders; 1989.
3. I-crasy rk, merkatz ir. Ukuvimbela ukuzalwa kwangalether: umbono wezempilo. I-Yetset Gynecol 1990; 76 (Vall 1): 2S-4S.
4. UMorrison JC. Ukuzalwa kwangaphambi kwesikhathi: Iphazili elifanele ukuxazulula. I-Yetset Gynecol 1990; 76 (Vall 1): 5s-12s.
5. I-Lockwood CJ, Shei AE, Dische MR, Casal DC, et al. I-Fetal Fibronectin encazelweni yesibeletho kanye nasivilo se-vaginal njengesibikezeli sokulethwa kwezinye izikhathi. I-New Engl J Med 1911; 325: 669-74.
Uhlu lwezimpawu

I-Fetal Fibronectin Rapid Test Seppep-1 (1)

Inombolo yekhathalogi

I-Fetal Fibronectin Rapid Test Viptom-1 (7)

Ukushisa kokushisa

I-Fetal Fibronectin Rapid Vivice-1 (2)

Bheka imiyalo yokusebenzisa

I-Fetal Fibronectin Rapid Test Viptom-1 (8)

Ikhodi ye-batch

I-Fetal Fibronectin Rapid Test - 1 (3)

Kudivayisi yezokwelapha yokuxilongwa kwe-vitro

I-Fetal Fibronectin Rapid Test Viptom-1 (9)

Sebenzisa ngo

I-Fetal Fibronectin Rapid Test Viptom-1 (4)

Umenzi

I-Fetal Fibronectin Rapid Test Vider-1 (10)

Iqukethe eyanele ukuhlolwa

I-Fetal Fibronectin Rapid Test Viptom-1 (5)

Ungaphinde usebenzise kabusha

I-Fetal Fibronectin Rapid Test Vipto-1 (11)

Ummeleli ogunyaziwe emphakathini waseYurophu

I-Fetal Fibronectin Rapid Test - 1 (6)

I-CE imakwe ngokuya nge-IVD Medical Texys Directive 98/79 / EC

I-Liming Bio-Products Co, Ltd.
No. 12 Huayun Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210042 PR China.
I-TEL: (0086) 25 85476723 I-FAX: (0086) 25 85476387
I-imeyili:sales@limingbio.com
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Idivaysi yokuhlola esheshayo ye-GROSTSTEPEP® Fetal Fibronectin

ffn-flyer

Ukulethwa kwezingalo, kuchazwa yi-American College of Obsetricians kanye ne-Gynecologists njengokulethwa ngaphambi kweviki lama-37 lokukhulelwa, kubhekele iningi lokungaziphathi kahle kwe-chromosomal kanye nokufa kwabantu. Izimpawu zokulethwa kwezimpawu zokusongela zifaka izivumelwano zesibeletho, ukuguqulwa kokuphuma kwesitho sangasese sowesifazane, ukopha kwesitho sangasese sowesifazane, ukubuhlungu kwe-backouse, ukungakhululeki kwesisu, ukucindezela kwe-pelvic, kanye nokucindezela. Izinhlobo zokuxilonga zokukhonjwa kokulethwa kwezingalo ezisongelwe zifaka ukuqapha komsebenzi we-Uterine kanye nokusebenza kokuhlolwa kwesibeletho kwedijithali, okuvumela ukulinganisa kobukhulu bezesibeletho.

Ukuhlolwa okusheshayo kwe-Cardstep
Kuyasebenziseka:inqubo yesinyathelo esisodwa ekuhlolweni okufanelekile
I-RADIP:Kudingeka imizuzu eyi-10 kuphela ngesikhathi sokuvakasha okufanayo
Emininingwane-mahhala:Izibhedlela ezikhawulelwe noma ukulungiswa komtholampilo kungakwenza lokhu kuhlolwa
Kuthunyelwe:Ukushisa kwegumbi (2 ℃ -30 ℃)


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